The TLB lookup is combinational -- it evaluates in the same half-cycle as the limit check, requiring no additional clock. The common case (TLB hit, no page boundary crossing) adds zero overhead to a memory access. This is why the Segment Descriptor Cache and Page Cache (TLB) together occupy such substantial die area -- they are the fast path that makes protected mode competitive with real mode.
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The main rule for data access is max(CPL, RPL) ≤ DPL. For code transfers, the rules get considerably more complex -- conforming segments, call gates, and interrupt gates each have different privilege and state validation logic. If all these checks were done in microcode, each segment load would need a cascade of conditional branches: is it a code or data segment? Is the segment present? Is it conforming? Is the RPL valid? Is the DPL valid? This would greatly bloat the microcode ROM and add cycles to every protected-mode operation.。业内人士推荐91视频作为进阶阅读
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